Variation in Grammatical Categories
How I got interested
When I started working on Halkomelem (Salish) I didn't know how to begin to draw trees for sentences. The problem, I realized, was that languages differ in their categorial inventories. Yet, these categories fall into some regular patterns (they are hierarchically organized, they display patterns of contrast and multi-functionality).This points to an underlying categorization mechanism that creates hierarchically organized functional catgeories.
The universal spine hypothesis (USH)
Form follows function - that has been misunderstood.
Form and function should be one, joined in a spiritual union.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Roots of the USH
The aim of the USH was to develop a model that allows us to understan the tension between the universalist stance according to which grammar is universal (and hence grammatical categories) and the typologists' finding that grammatical categories differ.
The core tenets of the USH .
Grammatical categories are constructed via universal categorizers that are organized along the functional spine and language-specific units of language (UoLs). This derives variation in catgeorial inventories: since language-specific UoLs are essential in deriving grammatical categories, they, too, are necessarily language-specific though constrained by the spine.
Papers
Barrie, M., A. Li, M. Wiltschko; J.U.Park (2021). In defence of DP (or KP). Linguistic Research 38(2): 207-238
Wiltschko, M. (2021) The syntax of number markers. In: P. Cabredo Hofherr, Jennie Doetjes (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Number.
Wiltschko, M. (2021). Universal underpinnings of language-specific categories. A useful heuristic for discovering and comparing categories of grammar and beyond. In: L. Alfieri, G. F. Arcodia and P. Ramat (eds.) Linguistic Categories, Language Description and Linguistic Typology. John Benjamins (Typological Studies in Language 132).
Bliss, Heather & Martina Wiltschko. 2020. Stsíkiistsi ki stsíkiistsi: The ubiquity of Blackfoot demonstratives in discourse. In: Demonstratives in discourse. ed. by Åshild Næss, Anna Margetts, and Yvonne Treis. Language Sciences. Chapter 6.
Bliss, H., E. Ritter, & M. Wiltschko (2019). Inverse marking and person hierarchies. In: D. Siddiqi, M. Barrie, C. Gillon, J. Haugen, E. Mathieu (eds.) Routlege Handbook of North American Languages. 181-198.
Wiltschko, M. (2018) Discovering syntactic variation. In: Hornstein, N., Lasnik, H., Patel-Grosz, P., Yang, Ch.Syntactic Structures after 60 Years. The Impact of the Chomskyan Revolution in Linguistics. Series: Studies in Generative Grammar [SGG] 129 427-460
Kim, Kyumin, Elizabeth Ritter, Hotze Rullmann & Martina Wiltschko 2018. 2+2 = 3. Plural marking in Blackfoot. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics, 2(1), 96. .
Wiltschko, M. (2016.) The essence of a category. Lessons from the subjunctives. J. Blaszak, A. Giannakidou, Dorota Klimek and Krysztof Migdalski (eds.) Mood, Aspect, Modality revisited. New answers to old questions. University of Chicago Press. 218-254.
Ritter, E. & M. Wiltschko. (2016) Humanness as an alternative to case licensing. Proceedings of the Canadian Linguistic Association.
Wiltschko, M. to 2015. The functional structure of the clause. Universals and variation. In: Fábregas, A., Mateu, J., & Putnam, M. (eds.) The linguistic handbook of parameters. London: Bloomsbury. Fabregas, A. & M. Putnam (eds.) The Handbook of Parameters Bloomsbury
M. Wiltschko & E. Ritter. (2015) ‘Animating the narrow syntax.’ The Linguistic Review. 32.4: 869–908.
Déchaine, R.-M., C. Mudzingwa, M. Wiltschko. 2015. ‘Shona’ In: Grandi, Nicola & Livia Kortveleyssy (eds.) Edinburgh Handbook of Evaluative Morphology. Edinburgh University Press
Wiltschko, M. 2014. The universal structure of categories. Towards a formal typology. Cambridge University Press.
Ritter E. & M.Wiltschko 2014. ‘The composition of INFL. An exploration of tense, tenseless languages and tenseless constructions.’ Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. 32:1331–1386
Déchaine, R.M, C. Mudzingwa, M.Wiltschko & R. Girard. 2014. ‘The internal syntax of Shona Noun Class Prefixes.’ Language sciences 43: 18-46 (special issue on “Exploring grammatical gender”)
Wiltschko, M. 2014. ‘Patterns of nominalization in Blackfoot.’ In: Paul, I. (ed.) Cross-linguistic investigations of nominalization patterns. John Benjamins. 189-214.
Bliss, H., E. Ritter & M. Wiltschko 2014. ‘A Comparative Analysis of Theme Marking in Blackfoot and Nishnaabemwin.’ McCaulay, Monica; Valentine, Randolph (eds.) Papers of the Algonquian Conference (42). SUNY Press. 40-55.
Déchaine, R.-M. & M. Wiltschko 2014. Micro-variation in agreement, clause-typing and finiteness: Comparative evidence from Plains Cree & Blackfoot. McCaulay, Monica; Valentine, Randolph (eds.) Papers of the Algonquian Conference (42). SUNY Press. 56-82.
Wiltschko, M. 2013. ‘Descriptive relative clauses in Austro-Bavarian German.’ Canadian Journal of Linguistics 58(2), 157-190. Christodoulou, Ch. & M.Wiltschko. 2012. Function without content. Evidence from Greek Subjunctive na. di Sciullio, A.-M. (ed.) Towards a Biolinguistic Understanding of Grammar : Essays on Interfaces'. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 117-140 Wiltschko, M. 2012. ‘Decomposing the Mass Count distinction. Evidence from Languages that lack it.’ Massam, D. (ed.) Count and Mass across languages. Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 120-146. Armoskaite, S. Wiltschko, M. 2012. There are many ways to be gendered. The Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Canadian Linguistics Association. Wiltschko, M. 2012. The anatomy of universal categories. Developing discovery procedures. Keine, S. & S Sloggett (eds.) Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society, Volume 1. Held at University of Toronto. 257-276. Wiltschko, M. 2011. Nominal licensing via case or deictic anchoring. Armstrong, L. (ed.) Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic t H. Bliss, E. Ritter, M. Wiltschko. 2010. ‘A comparison of theme marking in Blackfoot and Nishnaabemwin’, Rogers, B. & E. Szakay (eds.) In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Structure and Constituency of the Languages of the Americas (WSCLA 15) 1-11. O. Steriopolo & M. Wiltschko, 2010. ‘Distributed gender hypothesis’, In: Zybatow, G., Ph.Dudchuk, S. Minor, E. Pshehotskaya (eds.) Formal Studies in Slavic Linguistics. Proceedings of Formal Description of Slavic Languages 7.5. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.155-174. Wiltschko, M. 2010. How do languages classify their nouns? Cross-linguistic variation in the manifestation of the mass/count distinction. In Bliss, Heather and Girard, Raphael (eds.) Proceedings of WSCLA 13 & 14, UBC Working Papers in Linguistics Vol. 26. pp. 223-236. Wiltschko, M. 2010. Discovery procedures for functional categories: a case study of Salish articles. In Bliss, Heather and Girard, Raphael (eds.) Proceedings of WSCLA 13 & 14, UBC Working Papers in Linguistics Vol. 26. pp. 32-57. J. Ghomeshi, I. Paul, M. Wiltschko. 2009. Determiners: universals and variation. Amsterdam, John Benjamins.
Wiltschko, M. 2009. ‘√Root incorporation. Evidence from Halkomelem lexical suffixes’ Lingua, 119.2. 199-223. Ritter, E. and M. Wiltschko, M. 2009. ‘Varieties of INFL: TENSE, LOCATION, and PERSON.’ In: J. Craenenbroeck, (ed.) Alternatives to Cartography. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter 153-202[reviewed paper] Wiltschko, M. 2009. ‘What's in a determiner and how did it get there?’ In: J.Ghomeshi, I. Paul, M. Wiltschko (eds). Determiners: universals and variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 25-66. [reviewed paper] Wiltschko, M. 2008. ‘The syntax of non-inflectional plural marking. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 26.3: 639–694 Wiltschko, M. 2008. ‘Person hierarchy effects without a person hierarchy.’ In: G. Hrafn Hrafnbjargarson, R. d'Allessandro, & S. Fischer (eds.) Agreement restrictions. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter: 281-314. [reviewed paper] Ritter, E. & M. Wiltschko. 2007. ‘Alternatives to tense in Halkomelem and Blackfoot" In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Structure and Constituency of the Languages of the Americas (WSCLA 12) pp. 114-125. O. Steriopolo & M.Wiltschko. 2007. ‘Parameters of variation in the syntax of diminutives’ In: Milica Radisic (ed.) Proceedings of the 2007 Canadian Linguistics Association Annual Conference, 11 pages. available online at http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~cla-acl/actes2007/Arsenault.pdf. Elouazizi, N. & M. Wiltschko. 2006. ‘The categorial status of (anti-) (anti-) agreement’ In: D. Baumer, D. Montero, and M. Scanlon (eds.) Proceedings of the 25th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 2006), Cascadilla Proceedings Project, Somerville, MA: 150-158. Wiltschko, M. 2006. ‘C-selection is unique’ In: D.Baumer, D.Montero, and M.Scanlon (eds.) Proceedings of the 25th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 2006) Cascadilla Proceedings Project, Somerville, MA: 444-452. Wiltschko, M. 2006. ‘Inlocatives in Halkomelem Salish.’ In: M. Kiyota, J. Thompson, & N. Yamane-Tanaka (eds.) Papers for the Forty First Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 18: 286-310. Wiltschko, M. 2006. ‘On Ergative Areement and Anti-Agreement in Halkomelem Salish.’ In: S. Bischoff, L. Butler, P. Norquest, & D. Siddiqi (eds.) Studies in Salishan. Massachussetts Institute of Technology Working Papers on Endangered and Less Familiar Languages 7: 241-273. Wiltschko, M. 2006. ‘Why should diminutives count?’ In: Broekhuis, H., N. Corver, R. Huijbregts, U. Kleinhenz & J. Koster (eds.) Organizing Grammar. Linguistic Studies in Honor of Henk van Riemsdijk. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 669-679. [by invitation]. Wiltschko, M. 2005. ‘On “ergativity” in Halkomelem Salish (and how to split and derive it).’ In A. Johns, D. Massam, J. Ndayiragije (eds.) Ergativity. Emerging issues. Dordrecht: Springer. 197-228 [reviewed paper]
Wiltschko, M. 2005. ‘A part of wood is not a tree. On the absence of the count/mass distinction in Halkomelem.’ In: J.C.Brown, M. Kiyota & T. Peterson (eds.) Papers for the Fortieth Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 16: 264-288. Brown, J.C., K. Koch & M. Wiltschko. 2005. ‘On certain unexpected gaps in transitive paradigms and their implication.’ In: Brown, J.C., M. Kiyota & T. Peterson (eds.) Papers for the Fortieth Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 16: 65-88. Wiltschko, M. 2005. ‘Expletive categorical information. A case study of number marking in Halkomelem’ In: L.Bateman & Ch. Ussery (eds.) Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society (NELS) 35, Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistic Student Association (GLSA): 631-646. Ritter, E. & M. Wiltschko, M. 2005. Anchoring events to utterances without tense. In: Alderete, J. C-h. Han, & A. Kochetov (eds.) Proceedings of the 24th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 2005). Cascadilla Proceedings Project, Somerville, MA: 343-351. Wiltschko, M. 2005. ‘The syntax of precategorial roots’ In: Armoskaite, S. & J. Thompson (eds.) Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on the Structure and Constituency of the Americas (WSCLA 10). University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 17: 245-258. Wiltschko, M. 2004. ‘On Number in Halkomelem Salish or The problem with “the two man”’ Ravinski, Ch. & Y. Chung (eds.) Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on the Structure and Constituency of the Americas (WSCLA IX). University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 15: 143-158. Brown, J.C., Koch, K. & Wiltschko, M. 2004. ‘The person-hierarchy - primitive or epiphenomenal. Evidence from Halkomelem Salish’ In: K.Moulton & M. Wolf (eds.) Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society (NELS 34), Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistic Student Association (GLSA)GLSA: 147-162. Bar-el L., C. Gillon, P. Jacobs, L. Watt, M. Wiltschko. 2004. ‘The position of subject clitics and its effect on temporal interpretation in Skwxwú7mesh and Upriver Halkomelem.’ In: D. Gerdts & L. Matthewson (eds.) Topics in Salish linguistics. Festschrift for M. Dale Kinkade. Missoula: University of Montana Working Papers in Linguistics 17: 8-29. [reviewed paper] Wiltschko, M. & S. Burton. 2004. ‘On the sources of person hierarchy effects’ Canadian Journal of Linguistics. 49.1: 51-71. Ritter, E. & M. Wiltschko. 2004. ‘The lack of tense as a syntactic category. Evidence from Blackfoot and Halkomelem.’ In: J.C.Brown & T. Peterson (eds.) Proceedings of the Thirty Nineth International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 14: 341-370. Gillon, C. & M. Wiltschko. 2004. ‘Missing determiner/complementizers in wh-questions.Evidence from Skwxwú7mesh and Halq’eméylem.’ J.C.Brown & T. Peterson (eds.) Proceedings of the Thirty Nineth International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 14: 215-230. Wiltschko, M. 2003. ‘On the surface nature of ergative agreement in Upriver Halkomelem.’ In: J.C.Brown & M. Kalmar (eds.) Proceedings of the Thirty Eighth International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 11: 253-274. Wiltschko, M. 2003. ‘The universal basis of argument structure. And its language specific instantiations.’ In: C.Gillon, C.Ravinski & R. Wojdak (eds.) Issues in Language and Linguistics. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 13: 133-161. Wiltschko, M. 2003. ‘On the interpretability of Tense on D and its consequences for Case Theory’ Lingua 113.7: 659-696. Wiltschko, M. 2003. ‘On ergative (and other) splits in Salish’ In: Y.Chung, C.Gillon, R. Wojdak (eds.) Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on the Structure and Constituency of the Americas (WSCLA VIII). University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 12: 83-97. Déchaine, R.-M & M. Wiltschko. 2003. ‘Negation at the Left Periphery: Evidence from Algonquian and Salish’ In: Proceedings of the 15th Western Conference on Linguistics (WECOL 2001). Fresno: California State University, Fresno. 104-117. Wiltschko, M. 2003. ‘Transitive intransitives’ In: Proceedings of the 15th Western Conference on Linguistics (WECOL 2001) Fresno: California State University, Fresno. 421-433. Wiltschko, M. 2002. ‘Agreement morphemes as determiners: Reanalyzing the polysynthetic properties of Mohawk.’ In: L. Bar-el, L. Tamburri Watt & I. Wilson. Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on the Structure and Constituency of the Americas (WSCLA VII). University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 10: 169-182. Déchaine, R.-M. & M.Wiltschko. 2002. ‘The position of negation and its consequences.’ In: L. Bar-el, L. Tamburri Watt & I. Wilson. Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop on the Structure and Constituency of the Americas (WSCLA VII) University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 10. 29-42.
Wiltschko, M. 2002. ‘Sentential negation in Upriver Halkomelem’ International Journal of American Linguistics 68.3: 253-286. Wiltschko, M. 2001. ‘Passive in Halkomelem and Squamish.’ In: L. Bar-el, L. T. Watt & I. Wilson (eds.) Papers for the Thirty Sixth Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 6: 319 -345. S. Burton, H. Davis, P. Jacobs, L. Watt & M. Wiltschko. 2001. ‘A Boy a dog and a frog.’ In: L. Bar-el, L. T. Watt & I. Wilson (eds.) Papers for the Thirty Sixth Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 6: 37 -55. Wiltschko, M. 2001. On the non-universality of TP. Evidence from Halkomelem Salish. In: Proceedings of the 12th Western Conference on Linguistics (WECOL 2000), Fresno: California State University, Fresno. 537-551. Bar-el, L., P. Jacobs & M. Wiltschko. 2001. ‘A [+interpretable] Number feature in Squamish Salish.’ In: K. Megerdoomian & L. Bar-el (eds.) Proceedings of the 20th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 20). Sommerville, MA.: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. 43-55. Wiltschko, M. 2001. ‘The syntax of Transitivity and its Effects.’ In: K. Megerdoomian & L. Bar-el (eds.) Proceedings of the 20th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 20). Sommerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. 593-606. Wiltschko, M. 2001. ‘Tense on D and (the lack of) Nominative Case.’ In: M. Kim & U. Strauss (eds.) Proceedings of the Northeast Linguistics Society (NELS) 31. Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistic Student Association (GLSA). 315-329.
Wiltschko, M. 2000. ‘Sentential Negation in Halkomelem. And what it tells us about the structure of the clause.’ In: S. Gessner & S. Oh (eds.) Papers for the Thirty Fifth Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 3: 227-248. Wiltschko, M. 2000. ‘Is Halkomelem (Split) Ergative?’ In: S. Gessner & S. Oh (eds.) Papers for the Thirty Fifth Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 3: 249-268.
Wiltschko, M. 2013. ‘Descriptive relative clauses in Austro-Bavarian German.’ Canadian Journal of Linguistics 58(2), 157-190. Christodoulou, Ch. & M.Wiltschko. 2012. Function without content. Evidence from Greek Subjunctive na. di Sciullio, A.-M. (ed.) Towards a Biolinguistic Understanding of Grammar : Essays on Interfaces'. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 117-140 Wiltschko, M. 2012. ‘Decomposing the Mass Count distinction. Evidence from Languages that lack it.’ Massam, D. (ed.) Count and Mass across languages. Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 120-146. Armoskaite, S. Wiltschko, M. 2012. There are many ways to be gendered. The Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Canadian Linguistics Association. Wiltschko, M. 2012. The anatomy of universal categories. Developing discovery procedures. Keine, S. & S Sloggett (eds.) Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the North East Linguistic Society, Volume 1. Held at University of Toronto. 257-276. Wiltschko, M. 2011. Nominal licensing via case or deictic anchoring. Armstrong, L. (ed.) Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic t H. Bliss, E. Ritter, M. Wiltschko. 2010. ‘A comparison of theme marking in Blackfoot and Nishnaabemwin’, Rogers, B. & E. Szakay (eds.) In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Structure and Constituency of the Languages of the Americas (WSCLA 15) 1-11. O. Steriopolo & M. Wiltschko, 2010. ‘Distributed gender hypothesis’, In: Zybatow, G., Ph.Dudchuk, S. Minor, E. Pshehotskaya (eds.) Formal Studies in Slavic Linguistics. Proceedings of Formal Description of Slavic Languages 7.5. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.155-174. Wiltschko, M. 2010. How do languages classify their nouns? Cross-linguistic variation in the manifestation of the mass/count distinction. In Bliss, Heather and Girard, Raphael (eds.) Proceedings of WSCLA 13 & 14, UBC Working Papers in Linguistics Vol. 26. pp. 223-236. Wiltschko, M. 2010. Discovery procedures for functional categories: a case study of Salish articles. In Bliss, Heather and Girard, Raphael (eds.) Proceedings of WSCLA 13 & 14, UBC Working Papers in Linguistics Vol. 26. pp. 32-57. J. Ghomeshi, I. Paul, M. Wiltschko. 2009. Determiners: universals and variation. Amsterdam, John Benjamins.
Wiltschko, M. 2009. ‘√Root incorporation. Evidence from Halkomelem lexical suffixes’ Lingua, 119.2. 199-223. Ritter, E. and M. Wiltschko, M. 2009. ‘Varieties of INFL: TENSE, LOCATION, and PERSON.’ In: J. Craenenbroeck, (ed.) Alternatives to Cartography. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter 153-202[reviewed paper] Wiltschko, M. 2009. ‘What's in a determiner and how did it get there?’ In: J.Ghomeshi, I. Paul, M. Wiltschko (eds). Determiners: universals and variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 25-66. [reviewed paper] Wiltschko, M. 2008. ‘The syntax of non-inflectional plural marking. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 26.3: 639–694 Wiltschko, M. 2008. ‘Person hierarchy effects without a person hierarchy.’ In: G. Hrafn Hrafnbjargarson, R. d'Allessandro, & S. Fischer (eds.) Agreement restrictions. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter: 281-314. [reviewed paper] Ritter, E. & M. Wiltschko. 2007. ‘Alternatives to tense in Halkomelem and Blackfoot" In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Structure and Constituency of the Languages of the Americas (WSCLA 12) pp. 114-125. O. Steriopolo & M.Wiltschko. 2007. ‘Parameters of variation in the syntax of diminutives’ In: Milica Radisic (ed.) Proceedings of the 2007 Canadian Linguistics Association Annual Conference, 11 pages. available online at http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~cla-acl/actes2007/Arsenault.pdf. Elouazizi, N. & M. Wiltschko. 2006. ‘The categorial status of (anti-) (anti-) agreement’ In: D. Baumer, D. Montero, and M. Scanlon (eds.) Proceedings of the 25th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 2006), Cascadilla Proceedings Project, Somerville, MA: 150-158. Wiltschko, M. 2006. ‘C-selection is unique’ In: D.Baumer, D.Montero, and M.Scanlon (eds.) Proceedings of the 25th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 2006) Cascadilla Proceedings Project, Somerville, MA: 444-452. Wiltschko, M. 2006. ‘Inlocatives in Halkomelem Salish.’ In: M. Kiyota, J. Thompson, & N. Yamane-Tanaka (eds.) Papers for the Forty First Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 18: 286-310. Wiltschko, M. 2006. ‘On Ergative Areement and Anti-Agreement in Halkomelem Salish.’ In: S. Bischoff, L. Butler, P. Norquest, & D. Siddiqi (eds.) Studies in Salishan. Massachussetts Institute of Technology Working Papers on Endangered and Less Familiar Languages 7: 241-273. Wiltschko, M. 2006. ‘Why should diminutives count?’ In: Broekhuis, H., N. Corver, R. Huijbregts, U. Kleinhenz & J. Koster (eds.) Organizing Grammar. Linguistic Studies in Honor of Henk van Riemsdijk. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 669-679. [by invitation]. Wiltschko, M. 2005. ‘On “ergativity” in Halkomelem Salish (and how to split and derive it).’ In A. Johns, D. Massam, J. Ndayiragije (eds.) Ergativity. Emerging issues. Dordrecht: Springer. 197-228 [reviewed paper]
Wiltschko, M. 2005. ‘A part of wood is not a tree. On the absence of the count/mass distinction in Halkomelem.’ In: J.C.Brown, M. Kiyota & T. Peterson (eds.) Papers for the Fortieth Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 16: 264-288. Brown, J.C., K. Koch & M. Wiltschko. 2005. ‘On certain unexpected gaps in transitive paradigms and their implication.’ In: Brown, J.C., M. Kiyota & T. Peterson (eds.) Papers for the Fortieth Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 16: 65-88. Wiltschko, M. 2005. ‘Expletive categorical information. A case study of number marking in Halkomelem’ In: L.Bateman & Ch. Ussery (eds.) Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society (NELS) 35, Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistic Student Association (GLSA): 631-646. Ritter, E. & M. Wiltschko, M. 2005. Anchoring events to utterances without tense. In: Alderete, J. C-h. Han, & A. Kochetov (eds.) Proceedings of the 24th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL 2005). Cascadilla Proceedings Project, Somerville, MA: 343-351. Wiltschko, M. 2005. ‘The syntax of precategorial roots’ In: Armoskaite, S. & J. Thompson (eds.) Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on the Structure and Constituency of the Americas (WSCLA 10). University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 17: 245-258. Wiltschko, M. 2004. ‘On Number in Halkomelem Salish or The problem with “the two man”’ Ravinski, Ch. & Y. Chung (eds.) Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on the Structure and Constituency of the Americas (WSCLA IX). University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 15: 143-158. Brown, J.C., Koch, K. & Wiltschko, M. 2004. ‘The person-hierarchy - primitive or epiphenomenal. Evidence from Halkomelem Salish’ In: K.Moulton & M. Wolf (eds.) Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society (NELS 34), Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistic Student Association (GLSA)GLSA: 147-162. Bar-el L., C. Gillon, P. Jacobs, L. Watt, M. Wiltschko. 2004. ‘The position of subject clitics and its effect on temporal interpretation in Skwxwú7mesh and Upriver Halkomelem.’ In: D. Gerdts & L. Matthewson (eds.) Topics in Salish linguistics. Festschrift for M. Dale Kinkade. Missoula: University of Montana Working Papers in Linguistics 17: 8-29. [reviewed paper] Wiltschko, M. & S. Burton. 2004. ‘On the sources of person hierarchy effects’ Canadian Journal of Linguistics. 49.1: 51-71. Ritter, E. & M. Wiltschko. 2004. ‘The lack of tense as a syntactic category. Evidence from Blackfoot and Halkomelem.’ In: J.C.Brown & T. Peterson (eds.) Proceedings of the Thirty Nineth International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 14: 341-370. Gillon, C. & M. Wiltschko. 2004. ‘Missing determiner/complementizers in wh-questions.Evidence from Skwxwú7mesh and Halq’eméylem.’ J.C.Brown & T. Peterson (eds.) Proceedings of the Thirty Nineth International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 14: 215-230. Wiltschko, M. 2003. ‘On the surface nature of ergative agreement in Upriver Halkomelem.’ In: J.C.Brown & M. Kalmar (eds.) Proceedings of the Thirty Eighth International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 11: 253-274. Wiltschko, M. 2003. ‘The universal basis of argument structure. And its language specific instantiations.’ In: C.Gillon, C.Ravinski & R. Wojdak (eds.) Issues in Language and Linguistics. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 13: 133-161. Wiltschko, M. 2003. ‘On the interpretability of Tense on D and its consequences for Case Theory’ Lingua 113.7: 659-696. Wiltschko, M. 2003. ‘On ergative (and other) splits in Salish’ In: Y.Chung, C.Gillon, R. Wojdak (eds.) Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on the Structure and Constituency of the Americas (WSCLA VIII). University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 12: 83-97. Déchaine, R.-M & M. Wiltschko. 2003. ‘Negation at the Left Periphery: Evidence from Algonquian and Salish’ In: Proceedings of the 15th Western Conference on Linguistics (WECOL 2001). Fresno: California State University, Fresno. 104-117. Wiltschko, M. 2003. ‘Transitive intransitives’ In: Proceedings of the 15th Western Conference on Linguistics (WECOL 2001) Fresno: California State University, Fresno. 421-433. Wiltschko, M. 2002. ‘Agreement morphemes as determiners: Reanalyzing the polysynthetic properties of Mohawk.’ In: L. Bar-el, L. Tamburri Watt & I. Wilson. 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Wiltschko, M. 2000. ‘Sentential Negation in Halkomelem. And what it tells us about the structure of the clause.’ In: S. Gessner & S. Oh (eds.) Papers for the Thirty Fifth Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 3: 227-248. Wiltschko, M. 2000. ‘Is Halkomelem (Split) Ergative?’ In: S. Gessner & S. Oh (eds.) Papers for the Thirty Fifth Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages. University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 3: 249-268.
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